Broadcasting Systems

Broadcasting is the transmission of a program or information by radio 

or television. One way to broadcast is by cable. This is where the 

program is transmitted over the cable directly to the receiver TV. 

Cable was created in 1947 by John Walson and was originally called 

CATV (Community Antenna Television). Two advantages to cable 

are, it has a better reception and has a better picture and sound. A 

disadvantage is that cable isn't available in as many places as satellite.

Satellite is another way to broadcast programs. Satellite is a signal that is sent to satellites orbiting the earth and then amplifies the signal before sending it  back down to earth. The first satellite television broadcast was in 1978 and was developed to direct to home receivers in 1980. Two advantages to satellite are, it is available in areas that cannot receive cable. And it provides a sharper image than off air broadcast. A disadvantage is that the weather can disrupt connection.

Freeview is a free digital broadcasting system. It receives digital terrestrial transmission and can be used with any TV. Freeview was launched in 2002, it was jointly operated by five shareholders, BBC, ITV, Channel 4, BSkyB and Arqiva. Two advantages of Freeview are, its free and safe. And provides a weeks listing of programs. A 

disadvantage is that it not available everywhere in the UK.

Internet TV is a digital download of programs via the internet. Internet TV became very popular in the UK through BBC iPlayer, 4oD, ITV Player and Demand Five. Two advantages to internet TV are, its available everywhere that there is an internet connection. It has old shows available that aren't on TV anymore. A disadvantage is, they often include adverts.

White Balance and Colour Temperature

Colour temperature is the way to describe the colours that the lighting of the set gives off. Colour temperature is measured in Kelvin (K), colder colours have a higher K, and warmer colours have a lower K. A blue sky on a clear day is 9500K which is near the top of the scale, the preset balance to use for this would be Daylight Balance. Opposite to this is candle light at 1500k at the bottom of the scale. The lighting for this would be very orange.



White Balance is what the camera values as white and it can be changed manually. The white balance is used best when it is set to the same K as the colour temperature that the lighting gives off.











To balance a DSLR camera, hold a white sheet of paper, with the light from the set on it, in front of the cameras and press the WB button. The camera also offers some preset white balanced settings but they might not be good enough.





White balancing a camera is important because it prevents unrealistic casts of light and produces an image that better resembles what the human eye can see.

Camera Angles

Establishing Shot
The establishing shot is the first shot in a scene. It is a scene-setting shot that is usually outside and shows little detail. This shot tells the audience where the scene is going to take place. This shot is taken using a helicopter, crane or from the top of a tall building.

Hand Held

This is a jerky and shaky effect, which is the opposite of a smooth dolly shot. This is mostly used as the subject is moving. it creates a sense of realism and makes the audience feel part of the scene, rather than a fixed position. The camera is strapped to the operator by a harness and is very heavy.

Low Angle

The low angle shot is from below eye level and looks up. This can be used to make the subject look bigger and powerful. This shot means the background behind subject has very little detail highlighting the subject. This is achieved by having the camera lower than the subject and pointing at the subjects eye level.

Dolly Shot

the camera moves along side the action or following the subject. This is used for portraying movement or for moving from a long shot to a close-up. The camera will be placed on tracks or a car (and other moving objects) to be able to move with the action. It is sometimes called a tracking shot.

Extreme Close-Up

This shot focuses and magnifies on one small detail of the subject. This shot shows what the audience cannot see clearly in other shots. The shots have no background and provide dramatic effect. These shots are very delicate, the smallest moment will be very noticeable.

Crane Shot

The crane shot is like the Dolly Shot except the camera is mounted on a crane. This gives a larger range of camera movements. Crane shots are used to follow objects into the air and follow the action from a Aerial shot to level with the action. The equipment is very heavy and needs to be controlled by a crane operator. It is sometimes called a Jib.

Editing Workflow

The first step is to create where all of the media that your going to use is going to be stored. To do this, right click on the background and select New Folder, Name it to the title of your project.

Then open Final Cut Pro

 Scratch Disks decide where all of the files that are log and transferred and any other files are kept. To do this, go to Final Cut Pro>System Settings>OK

To log and transfer go to File>Log and Transfer. Press the small Folder with a plus and select the files that you want to transfer. Then press add Selection to Queue.

 A new sequence can be made Pressing cmd+shift+n. Sequences show what your working on, a project can have multiple sequences.
Exporting your project will allow you to view it in many ways like, mobile content, DVDs, web use and easy viewing. To Export your project go to File>Export>QuickTime Movie
QuickTime Movie exports your project as a .MOV file
If you choose to Export as a Quicktime Conversion you can choose between many file formats.

Cables

Cables

Composite video is an analogue transmission that sends a signal of standard definition at 480i and 576i. It is used for standard format such as NTSC, PAL and SECAM. Unlike S-video and Component it only carries 1 signal.

S-video is another analogue cable carrying standard definition at 480i and 576i. S-video achieves a better image than composite by separating black and white colour signals, but it has a lower resolution than component video. Each pin has its own group pin, thats why there a four pins. The fifth pin is for holding purposes.

Component video is analogue but it distributes the colour signal three ways, red, green, blue. Component has the capability for full HD resolution, but extra conversion must take place, due to the nature of digital TV's, this creates artefacts (edge clarity)

VGA is commonly used for computer monitors and connects to video cards, HDTV's, laptops, notebooks and can also be used for other equipment. VGA uses the same signal method as component cable, RGB. VGA allows for higher resolutions, raging from 640x400 all the way to 2048x1536. Just like most higher resolution cables, VGA has coaxial wiring and insulation which provides for higher quality. VAG does not carry audio.

DVI is a digital cable, this means that there is no loss of quality. Often they are used for HDTV's and video cards. There are three main types of DVI cables: DVI-D, DVI-A, DVI-I. The cable comes in single and duel link. Its resolutions up to 3840x2400. Just like VGA, DVI does't carry audio.

HDMI is used on many different devices for example computers, cameras, monitors and blue-ray players. HDMI is a digital cable which means no loss of signal, it carries both video and audio. There are three main versions of HDMI cables, Version 1.0, 1.4 and 2.0. Version 1.0 allowed for 1920x1080p. Version 1.4 supports ethernet, 3D and 3840x2160 at 30fps. And version 2.0 supports 3840x2160p at 60fps.

RCA Connector is analogue. Two of the cables are for audio and one is for video. RCA is commonly is used for stereo equipment, often consumer grade. Still used by many devices before and after the digital switch over (VHS, DVD players and TVs) RCAs lose quality over distance and are susceptible to hum and noise.

1/4 jack and 1/8 jack (3.5mm) are audio cables and don't have video. 3.55 is found on phones, DSLR's (these cables are intended for short runs). 1/4 jack is used for audio recording equipment, stereo equipment, guitar and bass leads.

XLR connector is most commonly used for microphones. The XLR has three pins, similar to the balanced connection on a 3.5mm or 1/4mm jack. The female end of the XLR is usually the source and the male is the input. Due to the design, the microphone wont disconnect on its own, it has a button that manualy needs to be pressed .

Editing Task

PowerPoint under here
https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3Ui0luZ7lOvcWhzeHdBWGhrSGs/edit?usp=sharing

How to set up an interview - Evaluation

We encountered some faults in out editing process and also during our filming. We quickly worked together to overcome these problems. We over came this by only using the footage from the camera which came with sound. One of the problems was that our actor forgot his lines, we gave him time to learn them but that delayed our filming. We also were given an idea for more footage, after we packed the equipment away, which delayed the start of editing.

We successfully captured enough film for us to begin editing. The director and producer looked over the films to make sure. We began editing and found an appropriate sound track to use. One of the problems in editing that we encountered was trying to sync the film from the two cameras, one of which didn't record sound. Another problem during editing we found that the actor looked away from the camera and said sentences more than once. We came over this problem by inserting fillers over these mistakes.

Production Gear

A motion picture camera captures a rapid sequence of pictures on a roll of film, called a strip of film. Louis le Prince first patented the motion capture camera in 1888 it originally had to be manually turned.

Early movies had a frame rate of 14-20 frames per second. Kodak in 1923 launched 16mm film stock for cameras as a lower cost alternative than 35mm. This was used by many amateur filmmakers. In the 1930's where made with digital cameras by the BBC, using cathode ray tubes. Most colour cameras came about in the 50's and 60's. Over time cameras became smaller and more compact.
The development of sorting information changed drastically over the years. In the 20th century we relied on videotape based analogue formats such as VHS and Betamax. Early 2000's MiniDV was a digital type based format but was soon followed by DVD, hard disk drive and finally SD card/compact/solid state flash based recording. MiniDV allowed for 720x576 (Standard definition) recording in PAL (0.4 megapixels). Current consumer cameras allow for full high definition which is 1920x1080 (2 megapixels). The current including film standard is 35mm, which dependant on quality, can range between 10-24 megapixels or even higher. The current industry digitally standard is 4K which is 12 megapixels. However, some films are currently being shot at 6K (19 megapixels)
Film is inside of the camera (Completely dark at this point). The shutter opens, and light travels though the lens, exposing the film or sensor. The shutter closes, and the light is focused onto the film.
The sensor size of a digital camera has a big impact on the look big impact on the look and quality of an image. This is why DSLR's have made such a huge impact on the film industry. It has allowed for affordable filmmaking.
The general rule rule of sensors are...
If its smaller, it will have a higher frame rate capability, but produce more gain in darker situations. If its larger it will produce a better quality images and handle dark situations much better.
There are three main functions of controlling the way an image is exposed correctly with a camera. shutter speed (How quickly an image is captured) Aperture (Controls DoF) ISO (sensitivity).

Lighting is the important for film, as it makes the image more interesting. It creates depth, creating the illusion of a three dimensional image subject inside the frame (two dimensional). If your shooting out side the best option is to use reflectors.
The most common lighting setup is the "3 point"



The key for good sound is to ensure the microphone is facing your actor, and that your sound levels on the recording are peaking, but not hitting maximum, otherwise the sound will distort.
There are three microphones commonly used.
Shotgun microphone - it is highly directional and picks up the most sound from where its pointing
Dynamic microphone - roughed and resistent to moisture mostly used for on stage performances
Condenser microphone

Television Standards

PAL is stands for Phase Alternating Line. Walter Bruch was the engineer who invented the PAL system in the early 1960’s. It broadcasts in most countries at 576i. It has a refresh rate of 50Hz and runs at 25 fps. Two advantages to the PAL system are Greater number of scan lines and more picture detail. A disadvantage to PAL is more flicker because it has a lower frame rate.

SESCAM stands for Squentiel couleur a memoire, which is French for Sequential Colour with Memory. Invented in the 1960’s in France by a team, lead by Henri de France. SECAM is used in France, Russia, parts of Asia and parts of Africa. SECAM has a resolution of 625 lines and a refresh rate of 50Hz and runs at 25fps. Two advantages of SECAM are stable Hues and contrast saturation and shares its ability to render images with the correct hue with PAL. One disadvantage is half of the colour information is lost on each line since only one colour signal is transmitted on each line.

NTSC stands for National Television System Committee. It is used in mostly North America. Created by the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) in 1940, it didn’t have colour. It has a resolution of 340 lines a refresh rate of 60Hz and runs at 30fps. One advantage for NTSC is. One disadvantage for NTSC is when PAL or NTSC is used on it, the video stutters.Satellite television was created in 1962 by Arthur C. Clarke. The broadcasting company sends the signal to satellites orbiting space, the satellites then send the signal back to the satellite dish on houses. Satellite TV can be accessed almost all over the world, due to the fact that it can be fitted by anyone and isn’t needed to be connected to any other place. Two advantages of satellite TV are High-quality audio and picture display and access to hundreds of channels worldwide. One disadvantage is it can malfunction in bad weather.